3 Making Modes of Metal-Bonded Diamond Grinding Wheels
How do I polish a granite edge
Source:www.stonediamondtool.com Date:2012/10/20 Read:1572
Most of the stone problems are created by presence of water,for example ,
efflorescence, yellowing, rusting,etc., are all related with water.There are also
other problems that can occur or associated with stone surfaces such as uneven
joints lippage), scratching and staining ,etc.Before any attempt is made to remedy the
stone problems, the followings are the most important factors to be determined:
1) stone type
It is important to identify the stone is marble,granite, limestone, or others.
Stone quarried and processed from mountain is still in its natural state after
fixing. Its still very much alive and possesses various properties and different
characteristics which can serve as a clue to the causes of the problems .For example,
if you find out a polished stone surface appears with etching, you will know that it is marble(acid sensitive) but not granite(acid insensitive). The etching of caused by some types of acid solution that would affect the
marble polish which granite would not.
2) Installation
Many stones are being installed improperly in shopping arcades, commercial and residential
buildings with hollow tiles and uneven joints due to poor setting.Cracking may occur and water
will enter underneath the tiles,causing flooding problems
3)What is the cause of the problem
We must know what happened to cause the stone problems. If the stone is rusting or turn yellow,
find out why it turned yellow? There are several reasons .Is it caused by aging of coating,waxes
or embedded dirts? Many stones contain naturally deposits of iron. The iron mineral found in stone
will begin to oxidize when exposed to water or moisture; then over time it may slowly turn into yellow.
This oxidation process is occurring with iron in the stone especially on white marble. Once the cause
is found out, we will know the ways to solve the problems and the treatment for each of these causes can be differed.
4)Current and Past Maintenance of Stone
The maintenance procedures, equipments and cleaning or chemical agents used for daily or periodic maintenance
programme , can be the cause of numerous and countless problem to stone. Most of the mistakes and problems that are
made, together with the reasons that stone gets dirty,ruined and stained ,can be traced to simple neglect and ignorance.
For instance,titanium or abrasive scrub pads used during stripping cause scratches. Acidic and alkaline cleaners not
formulated specially for stone may caused deterioration.
5)Tips for solving stone problems
Always perform a test solution or a demonstration to the cure area to decide if your solving proposal can work
effectively and with good result.
6) Stone problems and problem solving chart
|
Problems |
Causes |
Methods of solving |
1 |
Worn & Dull |
Foot traffic, household & commercial cleaners,construction |
Powder polishing or re-polishing |
2 |
Scratching |
Traffic pattern,sand,grit,abrasive materials,construction |
Hone and polish |
3 |
Peeling off |
Topical coatings,sealers,waxes |
Stripping |
4 |
Orange skin,sticky or clouded |
Crystallization, build up of waxes,dirty mop,soap |
Powder polishing or scrubbed with stone cleaners |
5 |
Loss of shine |
Foot traffic,neglect of maintenance,acids,aged |
Re-polishing |
6 |
Swirl |
Titanium buffing pads,steel wool,resin inside diamond discs |
Powder polishing or surface re-polishing |
7 |
Etching |
Certain chemicals with strong acids,wines,lemon juice, ketchup |
Powder polishing or surface re-polishing |
8 |
Spalling & pitting |
Excess amount of water,crystallized mineral salts & de-ice salt. |
Grind, hone, polish or replaced |
9 |
Yellowish |
Iron oxidation, waxes,aged waxes |
Poulticing or clean with stone cleaners or wax strippers |
10 |
Staining |
Embedded dirt,foods,drinks,oil, paint. Ink, etc |
Clean the spilled material as soon as possible or poulticing |
11 |
Water spot & rings |
Hard water,drinking glasses |
Hone & polish |
12 |
White powder residue |
efflorescence |
Allow the stone to dry &buff off the powder with white pads or clean with stone cleaner |
13 |
Lippage |
Poor installation and setting |
Grind with abrasive lippage disc and restoration |
14 |
Cracks |
Poor installation and setting, setting of the tiles,heavy objects dropped |
Repair with colour polyester or epoxy,or replace. |
7) The removal of stone stains
Stone stains can be removed very well with proper equipment and materials.before
removing any stains from stone , we must find out why stone stained.the answer is
quite simple.as we know natural stones are POROUS MATERIALS. This property of
porosity is why it can be stained and also why stains can be removed. The stone
literally absorbed the fluid and allows it to enter the stone and become embedded
below the surface.The solution is simply sucking the stains back out or re-absorbing it into a different materials.the different material is what we called
a
POULTICE.a poultice can be in powder or gel form. Or a chemical reducing agent.
the
poultice materials should be made and applied as described for removal of each
particular stain.be sure it is from a reputable supplier and according to the
manufacture's recommendation.
8) Guideline to remove the stains
Firstly ,you need to identify the stains.this is the most important step in stain
removal.
if you know what type of the stains, you can easily look into a stain removal
chart for the proper chemicals
and poultice materials to be applied. If the stain is unknown, if may need to
play detective.of course , if
you are the one who spilled the fluids on the stone; you must know what it is .
Try to investigate what caused
the stains.For example, if a yellow stain is found near a plant container, it may
be the plant was over watered
and the soil had leaked onto the stone , or the coloured stain may be a rust from
the iron container. To determine
and know what type of stone you are trying to deal with beforehand, it will make
the removing of stains much easier.
The following information and knowledge always lead to understanding of the
identification of causes of stain.
1. the colour
2. the shape
3. the pattern
4. the size
5. the age
6. tell-tale
9) type of stains & know-how
There are many problems associated with stones that may cause staining. Generally,
stains can be classified into
five categories and the most common types are as bellows:
1、 water base stains: cola, fruit juice, coffee, tea, tobacco &tomato sauce, etc.
2、 oil base stains: grease, cooking oil, tar and most kinds of food etc.
3、 ink stains: ink, pen and magic market, etc.
4、 metallic stains: iron(rust), steel, copper and bronze, etc.
5、 biological stains: algae, lichens & mildew, etc
10) basic steps to remove stains
Item needed
Tools
1、 plastic or wood spatula
2、 brush or sponge
3、 razor blade or putting knife
4、 plastic or glass container
5、 spray bottle
6、 clean soft towel
7、 water bucket
8、 plastic wrap
9、 cloth tape, cotton mop
11) chemicals(follow manufacture’s instruction to use)
1、poultice-powder, gel ,chemical , agent (formulated for removal of each particular stain)
2、stone cleaner or stripper specially designed for stone
3、Neutral pH cleaner
4、Clean water
12) steps
1、identify the type of stain
2、mask off and protect any adjacent area to avoid splashing, dripping and overspray onto
surfaces not intended to be treated.,
3、sweep or dust mop loose dirts and debris and clean with neutral pH cleaner.
4、(if any), strip off all topical finishes, such as waxes, sealers or any other coating treatments.
5、depending on the type of stain to be removed. select the proper chemical or poultice for the specific
stain.
6、Wet the stain surface and apply around it with the desired chemical used for removing each particular
stain. If a powder poultice is used ,use a plastic or wooden spatula to mix the
powder thoroughly into a paste with water, or with the chemical solution chosen.
In case of a gel poultice is used, pour directly on the stained surface.
7、apply the mixed paste over the stain in a layer approximately 1/4-1/2 inch thick. Then cover the paste with plastic food wrap and tap the wrap on all
four sides to prevent the paste from drying too rapidly
8、allow the poultice to remain on the stone for at least 24 hours. or leave it to
completely dry to a powder or as long as possible. Let the chemical dissolve
the stains and loose it from the stone.
9、sweep up power with a brush or a razor blade (avoid causing scratches). Rinse the residue with
clean water or neutral pH cleaner. Wipe with a soft towel and then evaluate the stained
area for removal. If the stain is not completely gone, repeat the process.
10、stone surfaces must be sealed to prevent future or minimize staining. Leaving stone untreated
may greatly hinder or make it more difficult to the complete removal of stains.
stone must be protected with water repellent plus stain and oil proof
impregnator or sealer.
11、regularly clean surface with neutral pH cleaner or maintenance cleaner formulated for stone
use.
13) Conclusion
Why do we need to cure or treat stone if the problems can be prevented? All
stones must be sealed and protected. And should received proper care and
maintenance against incidental spillage or attacked by aggressive elements to
avoid susceptible staining and damages.
14) the followings have to be noted.
1、remove spills and grime immediately
2、use walk-off mats inside and outside all entries, prevent scratches.
3、keep planter container up off the stone surface by using container stand.
4、use plates under hot dishes.
5、place a coaster under all glasses to prevent liquid staining and etching, particularly those containing
fruit juice and wine that will run down the sides of the glass.
6、no steel container is placed or left behind the on the stone surface.
7、replace metal or plastic furniture glides with nylon glides.
8、remove all leaves ,pets’ droppings, cigarette butts, carton paper and food as they
will cause brown stains in the presence of water(moisture)
9、dust mopping to remove dust, dirt and debris daily or as needed.
10、sweeping to remove abrasive contaminants
11、don’t attempt to remove stains if the stain is unknown. Consult a professional
stone care company for advice.